These are indeed real achievements, but they cannot be separated from unequal opportunities tied to racial discrimination. When colleges consider measures such as high school grades, honors-level courses, SAT scores, and extracurricular activities, they are relying on applicants’ achievements that substantially depend on opportunities that the applicants have had throughout their lives. The answer is obvious once we understand that racial proxies - ones that favor White college applicants - are already in play in the admissions process. Blockbusting in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as steering by realtors (and lenders) continuing to the present day have undermined attempts to create racially integrated neighborhoods.The federal government’s urban-renewal projects of the 1960s and 1970s destroyed more homes of Black residents, moving many of these displaced residents to public housing.Federal transportation projects added a large blow to Black neighborhoods and to segregation, by facilitating the growth of suburbs while frequently destroying the homes of Black residents.Black Americans were also overwhelmingly excluded from government land gifts and grants, intended to open up frontiers (and displace Native Americans).The New Deal Federal Housing Administration would not insure mortgages in Black neighborhoods.
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